Should Peds Persist Illegal For Athletes - 1220 Words

Should PEDs Persist Illegal for Athletes? Who could spare a day not doing any sort of sports? Throughout the years sports have been taking much place in people’s lives. Physical activity is an action which requires an individual’s efforts and own sweat. Of course, the efforts should ward off any drug involvement, especially in the sports field. Using performance enhancing drugs has extended and become a wide-spread phenomenon in many fields of sports. Using PEDs is one of the issues that athletes faced whether or not to make a decision to have it. Some athletes are banned, because they used drugs to improve their performance, and it became a controversial topic in the Olympics and in the World Cup. Even though opponents suggests that PEDs should be allowed somehow to enhance athletes’ performance, they should be prohibited because research prove that PEDs could cause health problems, could eliminate the purity and virtue of sports between competitors, and could easily encourage youngsters to head towards drugs. According to Savulescu, will allowing professional athletes to take drugs with medical prescription encourage young athletes to do what the professionals do? Allowing professionals to have drugs under medical prescription will allow young athletes to look for any excuse to get drugs whether they need it or not. Of course that might be risky for the young athletes’ health. Savulescu mentions that banning is ruining the temperament andShow MoreRelatedAthletes Don t Need Steroids1451 Words   |  6 PagesProfessional athletes don’t need steroids but they put their hard work and dedication to using it. They want to build themselves into an athlete that loves more competition in themselves and others. But why use steroids when you can do it all by yourself and not to cheat but succeed in life do what you can to be a better athlete in sports. Its seem too often these days: the metric rise of an athletic superstar, with fans that marvel at his strength, quickness and agility and then, in an instant theRead MoreEssay about Steroids in Professional Sports976 Words   |  4 Pagesorder to watch sports. There are few issues in the world of sports. But there is one issue that stands out, steroids. Although steroids may increase strength, stamina and athleticism, they are incredibly harmful to your body and should never be used. Still, some athletes persist in taking them, knowing that these substances provide a physical advantage. Although this is true, steroids can cause serious physical and psychological side effects. Steroids are simply a derivative of the naturally occurring

The Drive to Destroy Enlightenment Values Free Essays

The history of wars and revolution is flooded with personalities with almost mythical qualities. The heroes of wars and revolutions declared new social orders based on the principles of justice and public service. These individuals, after their assumption to power and material wealth, declared the supremacy of their respective cultures. We will write a custom essay sample on The Drive to Destroy Enlightenment Values or any similar topic only for you Order Now In history, this happened many times, as in the case of the Athenian and Roman Empires, the Napoleonic Era, the Holy Roman Empire, and many others. Yet, out of these wars and revolutions, ideologies developed. These ideologies usually offered alternative ways of life, that is, new philosophies for managing civilizations. However, some ideologies became the background for advancing rationalism and progress. Out of revolutions at the latter part of the 18th century, a general atmosphere of Enlightenment clouded the countries of Europe. This ideology declared the innate greatness of man, his love for liberalism, and his drive towards order and self-regulation. The Enlightenment proposed the idea that man, given his limitations and tendencies to innovate, can achieve freedom by imputing liberal values both in the state and the society. This can be done in two ways. An individual, in association with other individuals can establish a government that promotes liberal ideas. If the state is unresponsive to the waves of liberalism or obstructs its growth, then the only answer is revolution. Here, the term â€Å"revolution† acquires a positive character. Although the new ideology was borne out of the French Revolution, it was eventually accepted by European monarchs as an alternative way of dealing with their liberal subjects. They saw the Enlightenment as vital to the survival of European civilization and advancement of science and technology. A civilized way of life can only be maintained so long as the â€Å"spirit of times† matches the needs of the populations. As one will see later, the values advanced by the Enlightenment were threatened by the wars and revolutions of the 20th century. Sigmund Freud’s Civilization and its Discontents According to Freud, the foundation of civilization can be traced to the conflict between sexual need and social mores. The former is the source of mankind’s libidinal energy; expressed in love and satisfaction. The latter is the source of dissatisfaction, frustration, and ultimately aggression. Harmony can only be achieved when an individual learned to control his violent impulses. Here, Sigmund Freud made the following assertions about the nature of man and civilization. Some of his assertions are as follows. Destructive forces or its source are exhibited in all individuals. Thus, man by nature, is an anti-social and anti-cultural. â€Å"Men are not gentle, friendly creatures wishing for love, who simply defend themselves if they are attacked, but that a powerful measure of desire for aggression has to be reckoned as part of their instinctual endowment† (Freud:1930/1989:51). Because of the anti-social nature of man, he finds difficulty in keeping promises; And, aggression is seen as an original self-subsisting instinctual disposition in man: â€Å"the greatest impediment to civilization† (Freud, 1930/1989:58). Because Freud saw man as anti-social and anti-cultural, he assumed that civilization was the product of struggle between the libidinal instinct and social mechanisms for controlling behavior. In history, according to him, some individuals were able to subdue their â€Å"feeling of obedience to social mores† to aggression. Genghis Khan, Emperor Neo, Attila the Hun, and many others were revealed as savage beasts to whom â€Å"the thought of sparing their own kind as alien† (Freud, 1930/1989:54). Freud saw aggression then as the real threat to civilization, all the more that aggression is present in all individuals. The society then is forced to use violent means to curb the threat; a form of violent reprisal of a violent tendency. Every institution in the society are called to reinforce the values of humanity, or more specifically of civilization (the values of liberalism and rationalism). This struggle between the two tendencies only increases the propensity of a bloody end. The values of civilization to which societies were built would be compromised to suit the demands of the â€Å"outlaw.† Here, Freud made his remarks about the struggle. â€Å"Civilization expects to prevent the worst atrocities of brutal violence by taking upon itself the right to employ violence against criminals, but the law is not able to lay hands on the more discreet and subtle forms in which human aggressions are ex- pressed. The time comes when every one of us has to abandon the illusory anticipations with which in our youth we regarded our fellow-men, and when we realize how much hardship and suffering we have been caused in life through their ill-will. It would be unfair, however, to reproach culture with trying to eliminate all disputes and competition from human concerns. These things are undoubtedly indispensable; but opposition is not necessarily enmity, only it may be misused to make an opening for it† (Freud, 1930/1989:61). Conrad’s Heart of Darkness Heart of Darkness is a literary piece showing the conflict between two civilizations or more accurately two competing ideologies. The struggle between these two ideologies results to bloodshed and animosity among men; a sort of social anomie Durkheim referred to as the deterioration of social norms. In Chapter III of the book, Conrad showed that men are induced to violence when demands and priorities conflict. The main character of the story, Kurtz, found his way in conflict with the natives and the ship’s manager over the value of the ivory tusks. â€Å"The manager enters the cabin to speak with Kurtz, and Marlow withdraws to the steamer’s deck. From here he sees two natives standing near the river with impressive headdresses and spears, and a beautiful native woman draped in ornaments pacing gracefully along the shore. She stops and stares out at the steamer for a while and then moves away into the forest. Marlow notes that she must be wearing several elephant tusks’ worth of ornaments. The Russian implies that she is Kurtz’s mistress, and states that she has caused him trouble through her influence over Kurtz. He adds that he would have tried to shoot her if she had tried to come aboard. The trader’s comments are interrupted by the sound of Kurtz yelling at the manager inside the cabin. Kurtz accuses the men of coming for the ivory rather than to help him, and he threatens the manager for interfering with his plans† (Conrad, 1971:27). Other Europeans though were eager to compete against Kurtz in acquiring ivory tusks from the natives. Thus, Marlow (a character in the story) and a Russian trader ended up aligning with Kurtz against their competitors. Philosophically speaking, the story presented the staggering change of heart of Marlow. Instead of presenting himself as a man of humility, he was forced to redefine his values (Enlightenment values). He suddenly became obsessed of acquiring more and more wealth. He loathed the Africans for their irrationality and savagery. He accused the Europeans of exploiting the natives while he himself indulged in every form of luxury. In the end, he became violent and indignant to the basic principles of civilization; the same thing Sigmund Freud said (although the manner Freud assumed it was academic). Thadeus Borowitz’ This Way for the Gas Ladies and Gentleman Borowitz thesis can be summed up as follows: violence can be magnified using fear as the catalyst (Borowitz, 1976). In this book, the author portrayed the brutal murder of the Jews during the Second World War, specifically during Hitler’s Final Solution to the Jewish Question. Fear erased all the hopes of survival for the Jews. Death was the only way to surrender one’s claim to this world; the only way to escape further punishment and suffering. The Author emphasized the following as the outmost determinants of fear and its intended consequences: Fear raised the morale of the aggressor. The Nazis believed that the Jewish race was a perversion in the world; a race induced in violence and cultural disintegration. Thus, the only way to exterminate a violent race was to match it with greater violence. Survival is only a temporary stage of bliss. Memories of loved ones who perished in the gas chambers will soon follow suit. â€Å"Millions of other citizens were killed for no reason at all except for the fact that they were Jewish. To survive a life full of sick competiveness, never-ending fear, and the loss of loved ones is a huge accomplishment.† Summary Freud, Conrad, and Borowitz are basically examining the basic urge in man: violence. Violence can destroy values which have been cherished since the birth of a powerful ideology. Only the methods of telling the message differed. Freud approach was academic, that of Conrad literary, that of Borowitz historical. References Borowitz, Thadeus. 1976. This Way for the Gas Ladies and Gentleman. New York: Penguin Books. Conrad, Joseph. 1971. Heart of Darkness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Freud, Sigmund. 1930/1989. Civilization and Its Discontents. W. Norton Company; Reissue edition. How to cite The Drive to Destroy Enlightenment Values, Essay examples The Drive to Destroy Enlightenment Values Free Essays The history of wars and revolution is flooded with personalities with almost mythical qualities. The heroes of wars and revolutions declared new social orders based on the principles of justice and public service. These individuals, after their assumption to power and material wealth, declared the supremacy of their respective cultures. We will write a custom essay sample on The Drive to Destroy Enlightenment Values or any similar topic only for you Order Now In history, this happened many times, as in the case of the Athenian and Roman Empires, the Napoleonic Era, the Holy Roman Empire, and many others. Yet, out of these wars and revolutions, ideologies developed. These ideologies usually offered alternative ways of life, that is, new philosophies for managing civilizations. However, some ideologies became the background for advancing rationalism and progress. Out of revolutions at the latter part of the 18th century, a general atmosphere of Enlightenment clouded the countries of Europe. This ideology declared the innate greatness of man, his love for liberalism, and his drive towards order and self-regulation. The Enlightenment proposed the idea that man, given his limitations and tendencies to innovate, can achieve freedom by imputing liberal values both in the state and the society. This can be done in two ways. An individual, in association with other individuals can establish a government that promotes liberal ideas. If the state is unresponsive to the waves of liberalism or obstructs its growth, then the only answer is revolution. Here, the term â€Å"revolution† acquires a positive character. Although the new ideology was borne out of the French Revolution, it was eventually accepted by European monarchs as an alternative way of dealing with their liberal subjects. They saw the Enlightenment as vital to the survival of European civilization and advancement of science and technology. A civilized way of life can only be maintained so long as the â€Å"spirit of times† matches the needs of the populations. As one will see later, the values advanced by the Enlightenment were threatened by the wars and revolutions of the 20th century. Sigmund Freud’s Civilization and its Discontents According to Freud, the foundation of civilization can be traced to the conflict between sexual need and social mores. The former is the source of mankind’s libidinal energy; expressed in love and satisfaction. The latter is the source of dissatisfaction, frustration, and ultimately aggression. Harmony can only be achieved when an individual learned to control his violent impulses. Here, Sigmund Freud made the following assertions about the nature of man and civilization. Some of his assertions are as follows: 1) Destructive forces or its source are exhibited in all individuals. Thus, man by nature, is an anti-social and anti-cultural. â€Å"Men are not gentle, friendly creatures wishing for love, who simply defend themselves if they are attacked, but that a powerful measure of desire for aggression has to be reckoned as part of their instinctual endowment† (Freud:1930/1989:51). 2)Because of the anti-social nature of man, he finds difficulty in keeping promises; 3)And, aggression is seen as an original self-subsisting instinctual disposition in man: â€Å"the greatest impediment to civilization† (Freud, 1930/1989:58). Because Freud saw man as anti-social and anti-cultural, he assumed that civilization was the product of struggle between the libidinal instinct and social mechanisms for controlling behavior. In history, according to him, some individuals were able to subdue their â€Å"feeling of obedience to social mores† to aggression. Genghis Khan, Emperor Neo, Attila the Hun, and many others were revealed as savage beasts to whom â€Å"the thought of sparing their own kind as alien† (Freud, 1930/1989:54). Freud saw aggression then as the real threat to civilization, all the more that aggression is present in all individuals. The society then is forced to use violent means to curb the threat; a form of violent reprisal of a violent tendency. Every institution in the society are called to reinforce the values of humanity, or more specifically of civilization (the values of liberalism and rationalism). This struggle between the two tendencies only increases the propensity of a bloody end. The values of civilization to which societies were built would be compromised to suit the demands of the â€Å"outlaw.† Here, Freud made his remarks about the struggle. â€Å"Civilization expects to prevent the worst atrocities of brutal violence by taking upon itself the right to employ violence against criminals, but the law is not able to lay hands on the more discreet and subtle forms in which human aggressions are ex- pressed. The time comes when every one of us has to abandon the illusory anticipations with which in our youth we regarded our fellow-men, and when we realize how much hardship and suffering we have been caused in life through their ill-will. It would be unfair, however, to reproach culture with trying to eliminate all disputes and competition from human concerns. These things are undoubtedly indispensable; but opposition is not necessarily enmity, only it may be misused to make an opening for it† (Freud, 1930/1989:61). Conrad’s Heart of Darkness Heart of Darkness is a literary piece showing the conflict between two civilizations or more accurately two competing ideologies. The struggle between these two ideologies results to bloodshed and animosity among men; a sort of social anomie Durkheim referred to as the deterioration of social norms. In Chapter III of the book, Conrad showed that men are induced to violence when demands and priorities conflict. The main character of the story, Kurtz, found his way in conflict with the natives and the ship’s manager over the value of the ivory tusks. â€Å"The manager enters the cabin to speak with Kurtz, and Marlow withdraws to the steamer’s deck. From here he sees two natives standing near the river with impressive headdresses and spears, and a beautiful native woman draped in ornaments pacing gracefully along the shore. She stops and stares out at the steamer for a while and then moves away into the forest. Marlow notes that she must be wearing several elephant tusks’ worth of ornaments. The Russian implies that she is Kurtz’s mistress, and states that she has caused him trouble through her influence over Kurtz. He adds that he would have tried to shoot her if she had tried to come aboard. The trader’s comments are interrupted by the sound of Kurtz yelling at the manager inside the cabin. Kurtz accuses the men of coming for the ivory rather than to help him, and he threatens the manager for interfering with his plans† (Conrad, 1971:27). Other Europeans though were eager to compete against Kurtz in acquiring ivory tusks from the natives. Thus, Marlow (a character in the story) and a Russian trader ended up aligning with Kurtz against their competitors. Philosophically speaking, the story presented the staggering change of heart of Marlow. Instead of presenting himself as a man of humility, he was forced to redefine his values (Enlightenment values). He suddenly became obsessed of acquiring more and more wealth. He loathed the Africans for their irrationality and savagery. He accused the Europeans of exploiting the natives while he himself indulged in every form of luxury. In the end, he became violent and indignant to the basic principles of civilization; the same thing Sigmund Freud said (although the manner Freud assumed it was academic). Thadeus Borowitz’ This Way for the Gas Ladies and Gentleman Borowitz thesis can be summed up as follows: violence can be magnified using fear as the catalyst (Borowitz, 1976). In this book, the author portrayed the brutal murder of the Jews during the Second World War, specifically during Hitler’s Final Solution to the Jewish Question. Fear erased all the hopes of survival for the Jews. Death was the only way to surrender one’s claim to this world; the only way to escape further punishment and suffering. The Author emphasized the following as the outmost determinants of fear and its intended consequences: 1)Fear raised the morale of the aggressor. The Nazis believed that the Jewish race was a perversion in the world; a race induced in violence and cultural disintegration. 2)Thus, the only way to exterminate a violent race was to match it with greater violence. 3)Survival is only a temporary stage of bliss. Memories of loved ones who perished in the gas chambers will soon follow suit. â€Å"Millions of other citizens were killed for no reason at all except for the fact that they were Jewish. To survive a life full of sick competiveness, never-ending fear, and the loss of loved ones is a huge accomplishment.† Summary Freud, Conrad, and Borowitz are basically examining the basic urge in man: violence. Violence can destroy values which have been cherished since the birth of a powerful ideology. Only the methods of telling the message differed. Freud approach was academic, that of Conrad literary, that of Borowitz historical. References Borowitz, Thadeus. 1976. This Way for the Gas Ladies and Gentleman. New York: Penguin Books. Conrad, Joseph. 1971. Heart of Darkness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Freud, Sigmund. 1930/1989. Civilization and Its Discontents. W. Norton Company; Reissue edition. How to cite The Drive to Destroy Enlightenment Values, Essay examples

Aboriginal & Torres Social & Emotional Wellbeing-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Aboriginal and Torres- Strait Islander: Social Emotional Wellbeing. Answer: Introduction Aboriginals and Torres- Strait Islanders population has used this term social emotional wellbeing (SEWB) to describe about the societal, emotional, cultural as well as spiritual wellbeing of an individual (Gee, 2014). SEWB emphasize the relation of Aboriginals with land, family, community as well as spirituality that are important to individuals; which affects their wellbeing (Langham, 2017). All the health professionals should meticulously consider SEWB while caring Aboriginals, which is highly sensitive. Australian Medical services puts greater efforts in improving Indigenous health by adopting WHOs primary health care principles (Marles, 2012). This post discusses about the importance of SEWB rather than mental health activities while implementing Health based programs among Indigenous population.. Difference between SEWB and mental health SEWB is a complex and multidimensional concept with certain resonance for Aboriginals Torres- Strait Islanders (Dudgeon, 2014) whereas mental health is mostly used by the non-Indigenous population to describe about the thinking, feeling, coping and ability to participate in daily activities and that mental health involves absence of any mental disorders. Most of the Aboriginals Torres- Strait Islanders states that the term mental health as well as mental illness focuses only on problem aspect and fail to involve those factors that encompasses and influence a persons wellbeing (Bowins, 2016, Sherwood, 2013). Moreover, the holistic view of health in SEWB has pushed the Aboriginals and Islanders to prefer the term social emotional wellbeing rather than mental health. Gee (2014) suggested that though the terms SEWB and mental health illness are used interchangeably, the later terms should be considered as a part of an individuals SEWB rather than equating them with SEWB. Additionally, Aboriginals believe that SEWB is a multifaceted aspect of health that not only encompasses mental health, but also the varied health and wellbeing domains such as their link to country, culture, ancestry, spirituality family along with community (Sherwood, 2013). Considering SEWB and mental health as an aspect of cultural constructions can definitely enhance the effect of cultural responsiveness and strengths related approach in-order to manage the emerging issues among individuals. In-regard to Aboriginal Torres-Strait Islanders, many past events have imposed a serious effect on their SEWB. According to Zubrick (2014), colonization has caused a profound effect on the cultural practices and their implication on SEWB among Aboriginals (Sherwood, 2013). Varied factors have been found to be linked with SEWB as racial discrimination, life stresses, grief, loss of lands (dispossession), societal exclusion, policies and actions including child removals (care with protection orders), unresolved life- trauma, incarceration, societal and economic disadvantages, family violence, unemployment, substance abuse along with physical health issues (Zubrick, 2014). Gee (2014) has also identifiedmany factors that influences SEWB as the link of Aboriginals with country, their spiritual beliefs, ancestral origin, kinship, self determination, cultural continuity as well as governance in community (Parker, 2013). According to Professor Milroy, three themes were found to have affecte d Aboriginals and Islanders as the denial of humanity; existence as well as identity (Gee, 2014). Aboriginal Medical Services and its alignment with PHC Aboriginal community controlled healthcare services (ACCHS) also called as Aboriginal Medical Services (AMS) has pioneered the current comprehensive primary health care (PHC) in Australia by following the Alma Atas Declaration of World Health Organization (Freeman, 2015). In 1970s, ACCHS was developed in response to the poorer access to health care services as well as varied discrimination practices in the usual healthcare provided to the Aboriginals. Its services provided a modified primary health-related care model in-regard to the general health care practice, which was supported and funded by the Medicare services. The first ACCHS service that includes the Central- Australians Aboriginal Congress (later termed as Congress) was developed based on the effect of public (local Aboriginal population) meetings for formulating plans to seek collective advocacy as well as for taking action to support the Aboriginals rights that includes the right to health. Dwyer (2011) has stated that nearly 150 ACCHS services were found to have served about one- third to half of the Aboriginals.In present days of Australia, the self determination based policies of 1980s and 1990s were modified by a practice that was featured by a paternalistic- interventionism as well as a deficit-model related to the Aboriginals health- and wellbeing (NACCHO, 2011). ACCHS organizations are found to play a greater role in giving the voice for and render control to local Aboriginal and Islander communities (Sherwood, 2013). ACCHS strives to provide PHC as enshrined by the WHO in the Alma-Ata declaration- 1978 based on its definition for PHC as essential health-care that are practically applied, scientifically sound as well as acceptable by society with all the technologies made accessible universally to individuals, families and communities; by their fullest participation and at an affordable cost by the community and Nation. Many of the principles of ACCHS echoes the WHOs definition which also stresses mostly that the community should identify their own problems and needs for taking an effective action (Freeman, 2016). The main principle of the National- Aboriginals Health Strategy involves not only maintaining physical wellbeing of Aboriginals is important but also the societal, psychological and cultural wellbeing of the community is equally important in which the people can achieve full potential so as to bring the total wellbeing of the Aboriginal community (Freeman, 2015). The mentioning of community is highly essential aspect of the Aboriginals view of their self and hence strongly connected to health wellbeing. ACCHS also has a holistic healthcare view which recognizes the need for a multifaceted Indigenous healthcare and focuses mainly on their cultural complexities (Freeman, 2016). As Aboriginal communities in Australia has varied cultural practices and speak distinct languages, local control is must. The first ACCHS services were implemented in 1971 in the inner cities of Sydney, Redfern (Marles, 2012). AMS has expanded too many health-care facilities that renders free medical, psychological, dental, obstetrics and gynecology, pharmacology as well as alcohol services to a larger Aboriginal group. Greater difficulties were encountered by the Indigenous people in accessing the health care because of their uncomfortable feeling in seeking medical care at mainstream hospitals, reluctance, extreme geographical isolation and lack of transportation. It was overcome by the main-stream services of ACCHS by tackling the cultural and language disparities. AIHW (2011) showed that there was a greater discrepancy in life expectancy of Aboriginals and non-Indigenous people with unacceptably higher to be 11.5 yrs in males and 9.7 in females. Additionally, key health indicators (infant mortality, heart disease, mental illness) of Aboriginals was found to be worse which shows that a novel approach to Aboriginals is needed. Moreover, the services provided by ACCHS are restricted by funding; with majority from the Common-wealth/ State Territory Government (NACCHO, 2011). The 2012 Indigenous Expenditure (Steering) Report shows that for every dollars of money that are spent for non-Indigenous healthcare, only 0.66 dollars were spent for Aboriginal healthcare. ACCHS strives to widen its activities to promote accessibility of Aboriginals to essential basic care. Many Universities have started medical schools to train Indigenous doctors based on the principle stronger focus on the community with equity along with engagement by the medical personnnels, thereby enhancing the advocacy and leadership skills in Indigenous people. As per WHO and World Bank report, integration of people is vital to promote quality of care (Cotlear, 2011)and hence ACCHS strives to enable comprehensive PHC approach in Aboriginals to achieve Universal health converge by reducing health inequalities. Community participation is crucial element in a rights-related approach to healthcare that includes the politics of solidarity and therefore UHC should be framed in human right terms (Grover. 2014, Freeman, 2016). ACCHS have adopted greater strategies to tackle the accessibility of services (including culturally- competent) (Freeman, 2015).It has addressed the following aspects as: Availability- by providing free transportation to all the service areas; Affordabilityby providing all services and medicines; Acceptabilityby designing the space to provide services in culturally respectful welcome and employing local Aboriginals and Engagement-by interactions with local community (Baum, 2012). Application of SEWB within ACCHS service SEWB concerns are found to contribute to higher burden of disease with poorer health status in Aboriginals, while conversely, chronic diseases increases the risk for getting psychological problems (Langham, 2017). ACCHS serves a greater number of services within the social and emotional wellbeing of the Aboriginals so as to improve the overall health of Aboriginals. One among them is the their participation in disease prevention as well as health promotional strategies along with the provision of treatment with rehabilitation services, including medical-related, dental, and mental-health clinics with addiction therapy centers. These activities of ACCHS include early child-hood with youth-related programs (as ante-natal care with birthing classes, mother child immunizations, day-care, pre-school readiness- program, with youth-based outreach), health check-ups for adult, healthy life-style and exercise groups, community-based health-care education (sexual health) and mental- health promotions (in young people with communities) (Baum, 2014). The AATSIHS (2012-2013) noted that SEWB of Aboriginals are compromised with higher psychological distress with 2.7 times more as compared to non-Indigenous people (ABS. 2013). Hence, ACCHS adopts the definition of mental health as given by WHO (2016) as a complete state of societal with emotional wellbeing; with which persons will be able to cope with the usual life stresses and can realize their own potentials. ACCHS adopts mental-health strategies among young Aboriginals and communities by teaching psychosocial with behavioral skills, inter-personal skills in daily work and counseling so as to promote health-outcomes. AHMAC (2015) suggested that lower education-status, unemployment and poverty level are found to increase psychological distress in Aboriginals. Therefore, ACCHS strives to meet SEWB which is affected by a complex web of biological, emotional, societal, cultural, environmental as well as economic factors. Conclusion It is highly crucial to care the Aboriginal and Islander communities by understanding their SEWB rather than terming it as mental health. Evidences suggest that ACCHS indulges itself into the Aboriginal services by adopting all the principles of primary health care as given by the WHO such as providing essential care by prompting accessibility, availability, affordability and acceptability; promoting inter-sectoral coordination, coordination with technologies and promoting community engagement; by considering their SEWB (Freeman, 2015). Most of the ACCHS activities were found to be within their SEWB so as to enable greater acceptance of services among Indigenous people, thereby enhancing their quality-of-life (Langham, 2017). Hence, the health professionals should provide holistic care to the Aboriginals within their SEWB rather than fearing them with term mental health. References AHMAC. (2015). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health performance framework 2014 report: Australian Health Ministers' Advisory Council. Canberra: Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet AIHW. (2011). The health and welfare of Australias Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people: an overview 2011: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Canberra, ACT: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australian Bureau of Statistics-ABS. (2013).Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health survey: first results, Australia, 2012-13: Table 7 [data cube]. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics Baum, F et al. (2012). Community development: Improving patient safety by enhancing the use of health services: Australian Family Physician.41:42428 Baum, F et al. (2014). Health promotion in Australian multi-disciplinary primary health care services: Case studies from South Australia and the Northern Territory:Health Promotion International.29:70519. Bowins, B.(2016). Mental Illness Defined: Continuums, Regulation, and Defense. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=1315514117 Cotlear, D et al.(2015). Going universal: How 24 developing countries are implementing universal health coverage reforms from the bottom up.Washington, DC: World Bank Dudgeon, P et al. (2014).Effective strategies to strengthen the mental health and wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Canberra: Closing the Gap Clearinghouse Dwyer, J et al. (2011). Contracting for Indigenous health care: Towards mutual accountability:Australian Journal of Public Administration. 70(1):3446. Freeman, T et al. (2015). Revisiting the ability of Australian primary health care services to respond to health inequity: Australian Journal of Primary Health.22:33238 Freeman, T et al. (2016). Service providers views of community participation at six Australian primary healthcare services: Scope for empowerment and challenges to implementation: International Journal of Health Planning and Management.31:E1E21. Gee, G et al. (2014). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander social and emotional wellbeing. 2nd ed. Canberra: Department of The Prime Minister and Cabinet: 55-68 Grover, A. (2014).Right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. UN Doc. A/69/299 Langham, E. (2017). Social and Emotional Wellbeing Screening for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders within Primary Health Care: A Series of Missed Opportunities: Front. Public Health. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00159 Marles, E. (2012). The Aboriginal Medical Service Redfern: improving access to primary care for over 40 years: Aust Fam Physician. 41(6): 433-436. NACCHO. (2011). National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organization: 2010- 2011 Annual Report. Canberra, ACT: Parker, R Milroy, H. (2014). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health: an overview. Retrieved from https://www.telethonkids.org.au/globalassets/media/ documents/aboriginal-health/working-together-second-edition/wt-part-1-chapt-2-final.pdf. Sherwood, J. (2013). Colonization: Its bad for your health; The context of Aboriginal health: Contemporary Nurse.46 (1): 2840. Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision. (2012). Indigenous expenditure report: overview. Canberra, ACT: Productivity Commission. World Health Organization. (2016).Mental health: strengthening our responses. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs220/en/ Zubrick, S.R et al. (2014). Social determinants of social and emotional wellbeing. Retrieved from https://www.telethonkids.org.au/globalassets/media/documents/aboriginal-health/working-together-second-edition/wt-part-2-chapt-6-final.pdf

Weight Training free essay sample

Weight training is a type of strength training that uses weights for resistance. Weight training provides a stress to the muscles that causes them to adapt and get stronger, similar to the way aerobic conditioning strengthens your heart. Weight training can be performed with free weights, such as barbells and dumbbells, or by using weight machines. Weight lifting is a crucial part of any athlete or active person, but studies show that weight lifting can be beneficial to the every day person, and can even aid in pain relief for the elderly. Weightlifting improves the coordination of muscles working together, which increases an athlete’s power. Many athletes have the impression that if they lift weights they will develop bulkier muscles which would slow them down, however this is untrue. Weightlifting can create non-bulky muscles that have stronger thicker fibers, which with power training has shown to enhance performance in endurance sports. We will write a custom essay sample on Weight Training or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It also increases the strength of connective tissue, muscles, and tendons. This leads to improved motor performance and a decreased risk of injuries. Weight training helps to tone, lift, firm, and shape your body. Stronger muscles can improve your posture and help keep your body in balance. Weight training can help to reshape problem areas, or areas with stubborn fat that is difficult to get rid of. The combination of a low-fat diet and aerobic activity burns total fat from all over your body. Weight training can increase your lean body mass and therefore increase your metabolism. An increased metabolism speeds up your bodys natural process of breaking down and storing foods. Not only does strength training increase your physical work capacity, it also improves your ability to perform activities of daily living. You will be able to work harder and longer with the proper weight training activities. Strength training is crucial to weight control, because individuals who have more muscle mass have a higher metabolic rate. Muscle is active tissue that consumes calories, while stored fat uses very little energy. Strength training can provide up to a 15% increase in metabolic rate, which is enormously helpful for weight loss and long-term weight control. Building muscle tissue increases the muscles’ demand for glucose. More than 14 million Americans have type II diabetes. This is a three-hundred percent increase over the past forty years, and the numbers are steadily climbing (American Diabetes Association). In addition to being at greater risk for heart and renal disease, diabetes is also the leading cause of blindness in older adults. Fortunately, studies now show that lifestyle changes such as strength training have a profound impact on helping older adults manage their diabetes. In a recent study of Hispanic men and women, 16 weeks of strength training produced dramatic improvements in glucose control that are comparable to taking diabetes medication. Additionally, the study volunteers were stronger, gained muscle, lost body fat, had less depression, and felt much more self-confident (Joslin Diabetes Center Boston, Massachusetts). Weight training causes the muscles pull glucose from the bloodstream so that blood sugar levels don’t rise dangerously. This can also help with the prevention of diabetes for younger people later in life. Studies have shown that people who weight train had better blood sugar control than those who did not weight train. Weightlifting, as helpful as it is for physical strength, is also extremely beneficial for heart health. It helps to melt away visceral fat as well as fat that builds up around the body’s organs, which has been associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Strength training is important for cardiac health because heart disease risk is lower when the body is leaner. One study found that cardiac patients gained not only strength and flexibility but also aerobic capacity when they did strength training three times a week as part of their rehabilitation program. This and other studies have prompted the American Heart Association to recommend strength training as a way to reduce risk of heart disease and as a therapy for patients in cardiac rehabilitation programs As we age, our bodies are less able to create new muscle tissue. Sarcopenia is age-related loss of muscle, and with it comes a reduction in the ability to do functional everyday activities. When you lose weight, you inevitably lose muscle mass as well as fat. By doing strength training exercises, you can reduce the amount of lean muscle tissue that you lose during weight loss. When trying to maintain a stable weight, strength training reduces the age-associated loss of muscle tissue. In addition, strength exercise programs can be a significant help in maintaining our metabolic rate, which ordinarily declines with age and with weight loss. Other issues people face as they age concern balance and flexibility. Most to falls and broken bones in older adults can be linked to poor balance and flexibility. These injuries may not be extremely detrimental to someone of a younger age, but for older people they can end in significant disability and, in sometimes there may even be fatal complications. Strengthening exercises, when done properly and through the full range of motion, increase a persons flexibility and balance, which decrease the likelihood and severity of falls. Arthritis relief is another benefit to weightlifting for people aging. A study done by Tufts University using older men and women with severe knee osteoarthritis showed that weight training decreased pain by 43%, increased muscle strength and general physical performance, improved the clinical signs and symptoms of the disease, and decreased disability. This study concluded that this weight training regimen was just as effective, if not more, as medications used to treat the disease. Similar effects of strength training have been seen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (Growing Stronger). Strength training provides similar improvements in depression as anti-depressant medications. Currently, it is not known if this is because people feel better when they are stronger or if strength training produces a helpful biochemical change in the brain. Many scientists believe it is most likely a combination of the two. When older adults participate in strength training programs, their self-confidence and self-esteem improve, which has a strong impact on their overall quality of life. Weight training also improves your quality of life as you gain body confidence. Strength training will not only make you strong, but will also help you to feel strong about yourself. People who exercise regularly also enjoy improved sleep quality. They fall asleep more quickly, sleep more deeply, awaken less often, and sleep longer. As with depression, the sleep benefits obtained as a result of strength training are comparable to treatment with medication but without the side effects or the expense. Weight lifting has been shown to improve the quality of life for everyone; from athletes preparing for a long season to elderly adults just preparing for the future. Keeping your body in shape at all ages of life is essentially to living long and healthy. Lifting weights can be an easy and effective way to achieve both of those things.

Islam essays

Islam essays 1. Define the principle beliefs of Islam. Islam has many important beliefs, which can be categorized into the five pillars. The first pillar is the declaration of faith (shahada). This includes the belief in only one god, Allah. The second pillar is prayer (salat) which includes praying five times daily. The third pillar is fasting (sawm) during Ramadan (the holy month), in which one cannot eat from dawn to dusk. The fourth is Almsgiving (zakat) where, the wealthy take care of the less fortunate and give to charity. The fifth pillar is the Hajj, a pilgrimage to Mecca, which includes enduring religious rites for 10 days. All Muslims should experience at least once in a lifetime. 2. Describe the basic ethical system of Islam. Islam ethics are all guided by the Quran and the Hadith. The Quran and Hadith are the two main books or scriptures of the Islam religion, in which all actions and questions can be answered in question of their ethical validity. If these books do not directly speak of the issue at hand, similar topics are looked at in the Quran or Haddith, and by the Qurans stated beliefs, changes are made to identify the problem at hand. In addition to the ethical system and use of the books, all actions whether they be individual, social or even political, can be categorized into two different categories, Halal (permitted) or Haram (forbidden). There are four different levels to what is considered Halal. There is 1) obligatory 2) recommended 3) permissible and 4) discouraged but allowed. Therefore, based on these rules all actions can be decided whether they are ethically right or wrong. In addition to this, all Muslims have two types of duties. The first of which is their duties to Alla h, which included utter submission to him. The second is their duties to humankind, which includes charity. In conclusion, it is ...

Chronology of American History From 1726 to 1750

Chronology of American History From 1726 to 1750 1726 Log College at Neshaminy in Bucks County is founded. It will be important in training evangelists who will become involved in the Great Awakening movement that will occur in the 1730s and 1740s.Riots occur in Philadelphia. The Pennsylvania colony governor will forcefully put down the riots. 1727 Anglo-Spanish War breaks out. It lasts a little more than one year, with skirmishes mainly in the Carolinas.George II becomes King of England.History of the Five Indian Nations by Dr. Cadwallader Colden is published. It details information about the Iroquois tribes.Benjamin Franklin creates the Junto Club, a group of mostly artisans who are socially progressive. 1728 The first American synagogue is built on Mill Street in New York City.Horses and carriages are banned in Boston Common. It will eventually be called the oldest park in the United States. 1729 North Carolina becomes a royal colony.Benjamin Franklin begins publishing the Pennsylvania Gazette.The Old South Meeting House is built in Boston. It will become a key meeting place for revolutionaries and was where the Boston Tea Party meetings occurred. 1730 North Carolina and South Carolina are confirmed as royal provinces by the British parliament.The city of Baltimore in the Maryland colony is established. It is named after Lord Baltimore.The Philosophical Society is founded in Newport, Rhode Island which has become a vacation destination due to its spa. 1731 The first public library in American colonies is founded in Philadelphia by Benjamin Franklin and his Junto Club. It is called the Library Company of Philadelphia.The American colonial legislatures are not allowed to place monetary duties on imported slaves according to royal decree. 1732 Georgia becomes a colony out of land from the South Carolina territory when the Charter of 1732 is issued to James Oglethorpe and others.Construction begins on the Pennsylvania State House, better known as Independence Hall, in Philadelphia.George Washington is born on February 22nd in the Virginia colony.The first Catholic church in the American colonies is founded. It will be the only Catholic church erected before the American Revolution.Benjamin Franklin begins publishing Poor Richards Almanac, which will become a huge success.The Hat Act is passed by parliament, banning hats to be imported from one American colony to another, in an attempt to help London hatmakers. 1733 James Oglethorpe arrives in Georgia with 130 new colonists. He soon founds Savannah.The Molasses Act is passed by parliament setting heavy import duties on molasses, rum, and sugar from Caribbean islands other than those controlled by the British.The New York Weekly Journal begins publication with John Peter Zenger as its editor. 1734 John Peter Zenger is arrested for seditious libel against New York Governor William Cosby.Jonathan Edwards preaches a series of sermons in Northampton, Massachusetts that begins the Great Awakening. 1735 The trial of John Peter Zenger takes place after the newspaper editor spent ten months imprisoned. Andrew Hamilton defends Zenger, who is acquitted, for the statements he published were true, and thus could not be libelous.The first American fire insurance company is founded in Charleston. It will be bankrupt within five years, when half of Charleston is devastated by a fire. 1736 John and Charles Wesley arrive in the Georgia colony at the invitation of James Oglethorpe. They bring the ideas of Methodism to the American colonies. 1737 The first citywide celebration of St. Patricks Day is held in Boston.The Walking Purchase of 1737 occurs in Pennsylvania. William Penns son Thomas employs swift walkers to pace the boundaries of land given by the Delaware Indians. According to their treaty, they are to receive the land a man can walk in a day and a half. The Indians feel that the use of professional walkers is cheating and refuse to leave the land. The colonists enlist the help of the Iroquois Indians in their removal.A border dispute between Massachusetts and New Hampshire begins that will last for over 150 years. 1738 English Methodist evangelist George Whitefield, a key figure in the Great Awakening, arrives in Savannah, Georgia.The New Jersey colony gets its own governor for the first time. Lewis Morris is appointed to the position.John Winthrop, one of the most important scientists in the American colonies, is appointed to the chair of mathematics at Harvard University. 1739 Three uprisings of African-Americans occur in South Carolina resulting in numerous deaths.The War of Jenkins Ear begins between England and Spain. It will last until 1742 and will become part of the larger War of Austrian Succession.The Rocky Mountains are first sighted by French explorers Pierre and Paul Mallet. 1740 The War of Austrian Succession begins in Europe. The colonists will officially join the fight in 1743.James Oglethorpe of the Georgia colony leads troops along with Cherokee, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians to capture two forts from the Spanish in Florida. However, they will later fail to take St. Augustine.Fifty slaves are hanged in Charleston, South Carolina when their planned revolt is discovered.Famine in Ireland sends many settlers to the Shenandoah Valley area, along with other southern colonies in America. 1741 New Hampshire colony gets its own governor for the first time. The English crown appoints Benning Wentworth to the position. 1742 Benjamin Franklin invents the Franklin Stove, a better and safer way to heat homes.Nathanael Greene, American Revolutionary War General, is born. 1743 The American Philosophical Society is founded in Philadelphia by the Junto Club and Benjamin Franklin. 1744 The American phase of the War of Austrian Succession, called King Georges War, begins.The Six Nations of the Iroquois League grant the English colonies their lands in the northern Ohio territory. They will have to fight the French for this land. 1745 The French fortress of Louisbourg is captured by a combined New England force and fleet during King Georges War.During King Georges War, the French burn the English settlement of Saratoga in the New York colony. 1746 The boundary between Massachusetts colony and Rhode Island colony is officially set by parliament. 1747 The New York Bar Association, the first legal society in the American colonies, is founded. 1748 King Georges War concludes with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. All colonies are restored to their original owners from before the war including Louisbourg. 1749 The Ohio Company is at first granted 200,000 acres of land between the Ohio and Great Kanawha Rivers and the Allegheny Mountains. An additional 500,000 acres is added later in the year.Slavery is allowed in the Georgia Colony. It had been prohibited since the colonys founding in 1732. 1750 The Iron Act is passed by parliament, putting a halt to the growth of the iron-finishing business in the colonies, to help protect the English iron industry. Resource and Further Reading: Schlesinger, Arthur M., editor. The Almanac of American History. Barnes Noble, 2004.

The Management by Objective Approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Management by Objective Approach - Essay Example Management by objective has several principles, which include cascading of organizational objectives, setting goals for each member, participative decision making, over time, and feedback provision and performance evaluation. 1. Better utilization of resources – Here, resources can be measured in financial, human or physical terms. In management by objective, goals can be easily attained by optimum utilization of financial, physical and human resources (Bryman 1996, p.66). These resources can be regulated and efficiently managed to provide the greatest possible benefits for all employees in the company. 2. Development of Personnel – Management by objective is a valuable tool which can be used to develop and train the subordinate managers. The training techniques employed helps the subordinate managers to improve their skills in leadership, decision making, planning, directing and controlling (Migliore 1977, p.78). The flourishing future of a company largely depends on the qualifications of its employees and the quality of the services rendered to its customers. Management by objective helps a company to set several attainable goals to run a project and process oriented organization that enables employees to work in a professional, innovative and customer oriented way. Therefore, the continuous enhancement of technical and personal skills of employees is a critical issue in a company. Hence, the subordinate managers get prepared for promotion to higher posts in the future (Huselid 1995, p.65). 3. Makes planning effective – A solid business plan in a company can be the main difference between failure and success. Most of the businesses fail because they overlooked the idea of a business plan due to a lack of knowledge and time on how to make one. In management by objective, the goals and objective of a company get clearly stated.  

Reasearch Report on Global Warming - Myth or Reality Research Paper

Reasearch Report on Global Warming - Myth or Reality - Research Paper Example Yet, whether these changes can be attributed to or called ‘global warming’ is a difficult question. Apparently, the global warming theory is surrounded by controversy. This being said, a web research of the information and arguments relating to global warming was performed. The results of the web research suggest that global warming is a myth rather than reality, and the press coverage of global warming in the U.S. distracts public attention from the scientific evidence, which denies the existence of the global warming phenomenon. The goal, scope, and questions of research Global warming is one of the most popular objects of professional research. The press explores the meaning of global warming and its effects on the environment. Rising temperatures and changes in concentrations of carbon dioxide are believed to be reliable measures of global climate changes. In the meantime, more researchers begin to question the importance and even existence of the global warming phen omenon. The goal of this research was to decide whether or not global warming is real and realistic. The main question to answer was â€Å"Is global warming myth or reality?† Scholarly articles and book resources found on the web were used to answer the research question. Global warming: myth or reality? Global warming – myth or reality? – this is the question the public and research community are trying to answer. Books and articles provide a wealth of evidence supporting the relevance and existence of the global warming phenomenon. Temperature, sea level changes, and precipitation serve the main indicators of global warming (Maslin 23). Scientists use these indicators to estimate how the global climate changes under the influence of the industrial revolution (Maslin 23). Scientists were able to reconstruct changes in surface temperatures over the last 1,000 years – based on this information scientists produced a continuous record of temperatures, which indicate changes in surface temperatures of 0.74oC over the last 130 years (Maslin 25). The 20th century witnessed considerable fluctuations in temperature: the 1960s-1970s were the period of cooling (Maslin 25). However, generally, the planet is warming and even temperatures in the lower troposphere have been steadily increasing, approximately 0.1-0.2oC every ten years (Maslin 25). Global sea levels and precipitation are another two indicators used to judge the scope of the global warming phenomenon. The two most important precipitation data sets include the Global Historical Climate Network and Hulme (Maslin 30). It is noteworthy, that no definite global trends in precipitation have been found so far, but regional changes in precipitation are more than obvious (Maslin 30). North and South America experience significant increases in precipitation (Maslin 30). The seasonality of precipitation is changing, too (Maslin 30). Scientists observe long-term changes in precipitation in sout hern Africa and the Mediterranean (Maslin 30). The data on changes in sea levels adds to the body of evidence supporting global climate change: over the past 100 years, global sea levels have risen at least 12 cm (Maslin 31). Between 1961 and 2003, global sea levels were rising by almost 2 mm per year, and between 1993 and 2003, global sea levels steadily increased by 3.1 mm every year (Maslin 32). Scientists use

Self Forgiveness Essay Example for Free

Self Forgiveness Essay Research on Self- Forgiveness is a topic that does not have much information, but the research known on this topic makes a distinction of the theoretical analysis of self-forgiveness is offer. In the recent years more questions has surface about interpersonal forgiveness, however intrapersonal and self-forgiveness has received little attention. Self forgiveness, interpersonal forgiveness, and pseudo forgiveness is a theoretical model that is use to explain the difference amongst the three forgiveness. Self-forgiveness can be found in social science literature. In this philosophy it explain how it necessary to have good-will toward self during the process of one self- forgiveness A person has who has offend must be able to accentuate self-love and respect in the face of one’s own wrong doing to be able to truly forgive someone and refrain from hurting someone else. The offender must recognize severe things and be willing to go through all the stages no matter how painful it is to assure true forgiveness, which should restore his self respect. In self-forgiveness restoration must be part of the process. There are three stages: Holmgren (1998); first, self-forgiveness, requires an objective fault or wrongdoing; second, negative feelings triggered by this offense must overcome; and third, an internal acceptance of oneself must be achieved. The psychology literature stated that self-forgiveness is when a person is willing to accept what he or she has done wrong to others, while still showing love and compassion to one self. Self-forgiveness can use a model called the uncovering phase where the individual goes through different cycles, which involves (denial, guilt, shame), decision phases is when a person has a change of heart. Work phase is self awareness comparison and the finally outcome for the offender which is to find a meaning or purpose to life. Self-forgiveness 3 Self-forgiveness has a set of motivation for the offender which helps them with the process of being able to avoid stimuli with the offense this process of self-forgiveness has begun. As for forgiveness avoidance is direct toward the victim’s thoughts, feeling and situation associated with moving to the next step with forgiveness avoidance. When this is achieved the person becomes at peace with his or her behavior and its consequences. When using the self-forgiveness and interpersonal forgiveness model it help the offender with retaliation and benevolence issue to be able to reconcile with oneself. Interpersonal forgiveness focuses upon the harm of the victims. An offender may try to avoid the negativity thoughts, feeling and behavior that can happen without forgiveness to the victim. If the offender does not accomplish this task when dealing with the transgressor this type of behavior may surface. This may also result in a self- estrangement or self destruction. Self-forgiveness 4 Forgiveness is one of the subjects that come up at my job and everyday conversation all the time for either the offender or the victims. This article concentrates on forgiveness and suggests that there are several ways that the process must be done to be successful for client. I do believe that it takes a lot of effort and hard work to truly forgive oneself for harming another human being. I believe that you must forgive yourself before you can forgive the transgressor. I agree you must be able to show love and respect in the face of one’s own wrongdoing, but if you can’t accept this or you don’t care I guess this would make forgiveness not an option. Holmgren suggests the elements of forgiveness is necessary for restoring self-forgiveness, which I think could be possible hold some type of connection. In psychology literature Enright stated one must be willing to abandon self-resentment in the face of one’s own acknowledged objective, wrong while fostering compassion, generosity, and love toward oneself. I agree that because if you have not let go of the past or forgiving yourself, then how is it possible to forgive someone else. If you hold on the hurtful memory from the past then you will not be able to forgive yourself or anyone else we must realize that we are merely human. Most of the time we do have set back for whatever reason I do believe have to continue to work at forgiving yourself if not it possible to become self-destructive, which could overpower the self-constructive motivation. Interpersonal forgiveness deals with does not imply reconciliation with the offender whereas reconciliation is necessary in self- forgiveness. Intrapersonal is not about condoning heinous behavior, glossing over the hurt or ignoring deep feeling you have inside. It’s about making yourself aware of how you feel about what you did to the victims. Forgiveness is a process of acknowledge and working through your feeling. Try to gain perspective on situation and letting go of being the victims and painful memories and emotions that exist. Forgiveness 5 When counseling a client who is having problems with forgiving himself for his actions. I would recommend that my client seek therapy for this type of behavior. I would use the model that includes mindfulness, self-awareness, self-knowledge ,experience, focus, and balance,because this seem to be a a good method for a client I like the step in this program. Grieco, (2009) she defines forgiveness as functionally rather that sematically. She believes that healing in a process that begins with eight steps. To forgive is to release all angry and hurt within, so you can release all negative energy. With her eight step she suggest: You must be willing to make change in attitude, express your emotions about what happen, don’t make expectation (s) ask for what you want with word or mouth and inner feelings. Open up and be honest to everyone what you need, make limitations and and take responsibility for their action and yours, visualize your personal space sphere a light around you FINISH THIS. Always use unconditionally love to person, see good in them and see good.

Essay --

General Information Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which is found in all living thing and one of the building blocks of the body. (1, 2, 3) The molecule is found in the nucleus of the cell and it is a double helix molecule and it looks like a twisted ladder. If it was unwound the molecule would be 6 feet in length! (2) DNA has 3 nucleotides which are sugar, base, and phosphate. (1) The four bases, which are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine(C), and guanine (G) and they are all Nitrogen bases and there are about 3 billion of them.(1, 2, 3, 4) Adenine and thymine always pair up with one another and cytosine and guanine always pair together. (1, 2, 3, 4) In the cell there is also the RNA which acts as the messenger for the DNA because the DNA is too big to leave the nucleus. (1) RNA also doesn’t have thymine, instead it has uracil. (1, 2, 3, 4) The RNA then goes off to tell the ribosomes to make protein for parts of your body that need it the most. (1) Genes are the heredity material that is made up by DNA. (1, 2, 3) Your genes are all have from your mother and half from your father. (2) All of your genes are inside chromosomes which carry your genes. (2, 3, 4) The chromosomes carry thousands of your genes and your DNA will replicate your genes so it stays the same. (1, 2, 3, 4) If the gene code is changed it will cause a mutation. Some mutations can be good like evolution, but some can cause cancer. (1, 2, 3, 4) The 4 different types of mutation are point, frame shift, deletion, and insertion. (1, 2, 3, 4) Point and Frame shift are not as bad because it’s just changing a letter in a sequence but, insertion and deletion are changing the whole sequence. (1) Chromosomes are the tightly packed strands in the DNA which hold all... ...es. Advancement engineering is a newer field but it’s very dangerous because you are advancing the genes beyond their level. Also, advancement engineering has not been successful without any fatal diseases in the future. So we have to ask ourselves is it right to mess with these things. Conclusion The main goal for the H.G.P. was to figure out the complete puzzle of human genome for further study. If you think about it, the Human Genome Project could make people rethink life itself because there is so much technology today that is being used for medical purposes. But you have to think of this new field of science is like opening Pandora’s Box because we don’t know if there are side effects to these treatments and ideas. In conclusion, the Human Genome Project is the start of amazing new ideas to cure cancer or rare diseases, but is it right to mess with life? Essay -- General Information Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which is found in all living thing and one of the building blocks of the body. (1, 2, 3) The molecule is found in the nucleus of the cell and it is a double helix molecule and it looks like a twisted ladder. If it was unwound the molecule would be 6 feet in length! (2) DNA has 3 nucleotides which are sugar, base, and phosphate. (1) The four bases, which are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine(C), and guanine (G) and they are all Nitrogen bases and there are about 3 billion of them.(1, 2, 3, 4) Adenine and thymine always pair up with one another and cytosine and guanine always pair together. (1, 2, 3, 4) In the cell there is also the RNA which acts as the messenger for the DNA because the DNA is too big to leave the nucleus. (1) RNA also doesn’t have thymine, instead it has uracil. (1, 2, 3, 4) The RNA then goes off to tell the ribosomes to make protein for parts of your body that need it the most. (1) Genes are the heredity material that is made up by DNA. (1, 2, 3) Your genes are all have from your mother and half from your father. (2) All of your genes are inside chromosomes which carry your genes. (2, 3, 4) The chromosomes carry thousands of your genes and your DNA will replicate your genes so it stays the same. (1, 2, 3, 4) If the gene code is changed it will cause a mutation. Some mutations can be good like evolution, but some can cause cancer. (1, 2, 3, 4) The 4 different types of mutation are point, frame shift, deletion, and insertion. (1, 2, 3, 4) Point and Frame shift are not as bad because it’s just changing a letter in a sequence but, insertion and deletion are changing the whole sequence. (1) Chromosomes are the tightly packed strands in the DNA which hold all... ...es. Advancement engineering is a newer field but it’s very dangerous because you are advancing the genes beyond their level. Also, advancement engineering has not been successful without any fatal diseases in the future. So we have to ask ourselves is it right to mess with these things. Conclusion The main goal for the H.G.P. was to figure out the complete puzzle of human genome for further study. If you think about it, the Human Genome Project could make people rethink life itself because there is so much technology today that is being used for medical purposes. But you have to think of this new field of science is like opening Pandora’s Box because we don’t know if there are side effects to these treatments and ideas. In conclusion, the Human Genome Project is the start of amazing new ideas to cure cancer or rare diseases, but is it right to mess with life?

Canadian History: 1920’s

The 1920’s were known as the â€Å"Roaring Twenties† because industries shifted to peace time production and experienced an economic boom. The people that experienced the â€Å"good times† in the 1920’s were predominantly the white males. But other groups weren’t so lucky. There where many issues in this era but the main ones were the injustice and inequality of women, Native People and children. During the 1920’s the Native People were treated unequally and with out justice, due to government policies and practices of assimilation, residential schools and denial of self government. The culture of Canada’s Native People was being cut away by the social policy. The Native People ceremonies had been banned and the children had been taken away to government run schools. These schools tried to assimilate the children by putting a taboo on Native teachings and traditions. The Federal government limited their freedom. Chief Deskadeh of the Six Nations took his case to the new international peacekeeping body – the League of Nations (now UN). â€Å"Although embarrassed by the international attention Ottawa refused to give into. (Hundey) Other Native leaders fought for their rights such as right to vote from the government reservation lands. Many rights were lost due to the stubborn government, but they still continued to fight for their freedom. It was difficult for women in the 1920’s to receive equal treatment, since women were still considered inferior to men. Although women won political rights they were still not recognized by the representati ve government as persons under the law. For example, women could not hold a seat under the Canadian Senate. Some laws changed but the attitude towards women’s roles stayed the same. Women were kept back in school, work and politics. It was the same with young girls. Girls did not stay in school as long as boys did. All they learned was about mothering and nursing. Soon more women started going to university despite the fact that most were held back. â€Å"From 1891 to 1930 the percentage of undergraduates that were female grew 11. 9%. † (Hundey). Although the acceptance of women was rising and more women were going to school, society still saw women only as caregivers and mothers. The exploitation of children was a key issue in the 1920’s and was left unresolved for another few decades. Laws allowing child labour passed in the late 19th century were the reason why child labour was widely accepted. Many children tried to stay in school but most left at the age of sixteen to join the workforce. Many farming and fishing families relied on children to help out with the businesses. In the 1920’s home children were often exploited. Home children – â€Å"British orphans or members of poor families who were sent to Canada to start a new life. (Hudey) Many of them were overworked and neglected, but this inhuman scheme stopped at the start of The Great Depression. In 1929 children under the age of fourteen were prohibited from working in factories and mines. Children were one of many groups that were exploited and used in the 1920’s. Although this practice ended in Canada, some countries in the world still use children as cheap labour. Many groups were not socially accepted by the people experiencing the â€Å"good times†. Native people, children and women were just a few of many others. Natives were not considered equal to the rest of society in the 1920’s and were racially separated through schools and reserves. Women won rights in the 1920’s but still weren’t considered persons by society and struggled to receive equality. Many children were exploited in the 1920’s as cheap labour, but that ended with the decade. Humans are humans and should be treated no differently than others. Humans are all equal and should not be discriminated.

Parenting Skills 5.09

Parenting Skills 5. 09 Lab Questions (A) Temper Tantrums 1. How can parents avoid temper tantrums? Parents can avoid temper tantrums by having a plan for when they are put in this situation. 2. What are the A, B, C’s? The A is the attribute that you would want your child to acquire. The B is the behavior that you want to go along with the attribute. And C is compassion that you want your child have to go along with their behavior. 3. Do you think using consequences and following the ABC process will help shape a child’s behavior? Why or why not?I do believe that using consequences and following the ABC process will help shape a child’s behavior. As long as the consequence is related to the offense it will make a difference. The child will realize that you are serious and will want the consequences to stop; thus molding the behavior. (B) Developing Language Skills in Babies 1. What are some of the reasons why people may not talk to babies as much today as they use d to? People may not talk to babies as much today as they used to because the family structure has changed and everyone is too busy. 2. Why do you think developing language skills is important for a child?Developing language skills is important for a child because it affects their ability to make friends and be sociable and emotionally well fed beings. 3. What are some of the ways that parents can encourage the development of language skills? Parents can encourage the development of language skills by communicating with their child and listening to them so that they can practice. (C) The Importance of Bedtime Reading 1. How many parents never read to their children at bedtime according to the study? What might prevent parents from reading to children? According to the study one in ten parents never read to their children.A parent’s busy schedule normally prevents them from reading to their children. 2. What are some of the benefits of reading to children? Include infancy thro ugh young school age children. Reading helps to improve concentration and listening skills in children. Without these two skills a child will find it very hard in school to concentrate effectively. 3. Did your parents or other caregivers read to you as a child? What effect do you think this had on you? My mother read to me on numerous occasions as a child. I believe that this is the reason why I love books and I have a relatively high vocabulary.

AP Essay

AP Essay AP Essay Amerika Gillett Per. 3 –AP English 4/1/14 2010 AP* English Language and Composition Free-Response Questions Question 3 A political cartoon is formed by allusion and caricature. They are the primary source that often intriguing and entertaining insights into the public mood, the under lying cultural assumptions of age and attitude towards current events. The content of political cartoons usually includes stereotypical highlights a particular viewpoint or idea using illustrations. The image can be humorous as well as informative, they can also be strategically and even serious. Cartoonists often use humor as a way to express their viewpoints in political cartoons. Society allows humorists to say things that other people cannot or will not say. For example, in one cartoon, which was brought to attention, had an image of President Barack Obama holding an image of him that said â€Å"hope† and a quote that said, â€Å"Maybe I’ll try again†. This image had a negative meaning behind it. The cartoonist was implying that President Obama has done nothing over his last term and he recognizes it. The cartoonist used that specific image to express his opinion on the decision of the President. â€Å" To convey with impunity messages that might be dangerous or impossible to state directly.† Societal contracts allow for political messages in ones humor if one wishes, but there is no imperative for a humorist does not wish to do so. In this day and age, arguing with society, people tent to laugh the most at was off limits for serious discussion. Being a humorist is also being a critic; many of the jokes are aimed at everyday life or group of people. ap essay ap essay The thesis of the American novel A History of the World in 6 Glasses is that certain popular beverages have affected far more than the health of people throughout history, but also their religious ceremonies, economic and political views, and social life. The author of the novel Tom Standage supports the subject that is written about and shows no analysis of disagreement with the thesis. Tom Standage is an author of 3 other novels, which are also historic analyses, which support his data and research provided in this particular novel. A History of the World in 6 Glasses is broken down into six segments, one for each drink, the first of which is beer. Man's first civilizations were established after the reception of cultivating and the training of cereal grains. This change in lifestyle helped the "rise of chairmen, copyists, and skilled workers." Next was wine, assumed a significant part in the prospering Greek and Roman societies. Wine launched inconceivable seaborne exchange, whic h spread their views on philosophy, governmental issues, and writing. The book brings up how these headways began and developed at formal Greek drinking gatherings. A History of the World in 6 Glasses provides various kinds of evidence to support the thesis that Standage created. The evidence provided supports the thesis and develops the theme of significance of the drinks mentioned in the novel. For example, beer was first made in the Fertile Crescent and by 3000 BC was so important to Mesopotamia and Egypt that it was being used to pay wages. In ancient Greece , wine became a main export, serving to spread Greek culture abroad. After the downfall of Rome, spirits such as brandy and rum, shuffling using a process devised by Arab alchemist , fueled the Age of Exploration , fortifying seamen on long voyages and oiling the pernicious slave trade. Coffee also originated in the Arab creation and went on to inspire scientific, financial and political revolutions in Europe during the A ge of Reason, when coffeehouse became the centers of intellect exchange. Finally, though carbonated drinks were invented in 18th-100 Europe they became a 20th-century phenomenon, and Coca-Cola in particular is the leading symbol of globalization. Standage introduces wine-colored through a word of early Hellene and Roman letters society. Wine is initially associated with mixer class as it was exotic and scarce, being expensive to transport without breakage. Wine conveyed power, prestige, and privilege. Wine then came to embody Hellene culture and became more widely available. It was used not only in the Symposium , the Greek drinking Party , but also medicinally to clean wound and as a safer drink than water. Roman farmers combined Greek influence with their own

Bata Analysis of Markets and Segments

With main focus on providing a high product quality and keep prices reasonable compared to devastation of the markets caused by the wars, they kept expanding and follow the market changes. â€Å"As a result, Bata enjoys a long history as a leading manufacturer and retailer of quality footwear, and proudly serves some one million customers each day. With more than 30,000 employees, 5,000 international retail stores, and a presence in over 70 countries, Bata is positioned to deliver an unparalleled combination of selection, quality, and service to customers around the globe. (Bata, (C) 2013) The market In a now very overcrowded market defined as a fully competitive market, because it is a heterogeneous market and has a lot of competitors, this is the situation for all Bata’s markets as they are very similar around the world. Bata’s competitors are companies such as Zara, Hamp;M and Pedro as they sell cheap products to a segment very similar to the Bata’s. In most of the countries where Bata is visible there are many copycats and markets with very cheap shoes. These local shops are also a competitor to keep in mind. One of the big main competitors is the Chinese low cost products that are exported from China to many other countries. The competition is very intense and can be defined as close as there are many competitors with very similar products competing for the costumer’s money. Project focus This project will focus on analyzing the target group and the halo segment to learn more about why the already chosen markets are attractive to Bata and which markets could be interesting later on. This is necessary to make the right choice in market segmentation and selection. We will also look into an analysis of the current market segmentation and selection including what made Bata choose the countries that they are already in. Finally we will suggest a country for Bata that could be a new lucrative market to enter, based on the earlier findings. Research methodology For this project we will use secondary data gathered from sources like newspapers, internet newspapers and the like. For the sake of the project and its reliability it is very important that the information is conducted by valid sources. It is necessary to be critical when using secondary data, as the source can be pursuing different goals with its content. To show an example; Batas website is reliable for correct information as it is important to the company and its image that stakeholders can access the right information easily. At the same time the website should also pursue to sell the company’s brand which usually makes them show only the very best sides of the company. This makes some of the information partly unreliable or at least questionable. To overcome this problem we will be aware of the sources intensions and reliability. If the source is unknown to us or the information does not fit with other information we have, we will research this to make sure we end up with the right information to base a project on. We will always look at the opportunity to find the same data from other sources to back up its reliability. Primary data would be highly valuable to us in this project – and a credible and reliable source to us as the projects main topic is to analyze the company’s market segmentation. Interviewing the company would truly bring us inside the company and data the employees go through prior to screening and selecting markets. Unfortunately it is not possible for us to get in contact with Bata. Had the time and size of this project allowed us to, it would also be possible to conduct a questionnaire from consumers in the companys stores asking why they chose Bata over its competitors. Analysis of target group The markets Bata has entered (Bata, (C) 2013) shows a market segmentation that mainly sells shoes in countries with a large segment of costumers with lower purchasing power; the middle class and lower middle class of the society. It is presumable that this makes the consumer use high involvement when purchasing these products. When this segment is satisfied with the purchase it usually will stay loyal to the brand as the segment consider for a longer time before spending money; as loyal as consumers can be these days. It is noticeable that Bata is not visible in North America, Scandinavia and UK which is another argument for theory above (Bata, (C) 2013). This method of segmenting has a great likelihood of fighting against grey markets/parallel import which is highly likely to happen between markets with segments with low purchasing power. Due to the changing markets the competition started undercutting their prices and Bata tried pursuing a new segment; the higher premium society. Bata tried and failed. When a brand focusing on a (lower) middle class segments wants to change their focus – or add focus to a higher society it very often fails. This is very likely to be because the perceived brand value is lower – often created by the price of the products. This kind of change usually just work when an expensive brand changes the target group to a lower society class, which makes the price drop. Then in the beginning the sales will boost because the consumers still perceive the same value of the brand but at a lower price – the benefit (or value) exceeds the cost of the product (to state a very basic example: it is like exchanging one Malaysian ringgit and getting one Malaysian ringgit and fifty cents back. ). That only lasts for a while until the perceived value has dropped to the same level as the actual buying price. If Bata wants to include a higher premium brand they need to create another brand as to not affect the already known products and the new premium ones. Back to the original segments; middle Class families were being offered footwear by Bata as they had shoes ranges for  school going children, young men, and even some offerings for women. In terms of the behavioral aspects Bata’s target customers could be quite price sensitive, demanding value for money, looking for basic needs to be met, and not very conscious about the shoe lasting for a long time, yet at the same time demanding adequate quality footwear which is trustworthy to last for a while. Bata may also be categorized as a store where usually entire families visit together because of the various offerings that Bata has to offer to them. The following products are Bata’s main products and the segment they focuses on, to clearly specify what usually is in Bata’s markets around the world. Bubblegummers The Bubblegummers brand serves the children segment, in the age about 0-13 years. It has provided a variety of design and type of shoes the segment. Marie Claire The Marie Clare brand is for women. Bata is trying to target the young working women who wants reasonably priced, decent design and durable shoes for work and this brand in many cases serves its segment well. Sandak Sandak is a sponge sandal that mainly serves a women segment who wants very good quality sandals in different types. It is mainly used in rainy seasons when many prefer it because it is washable and decent in looks. Power This is reasonable priced good quality sports and sandal shoes for young males and females. The target segment of Power is teenagers and some parts of the elderly people who need sneakers for walking purpose. KingsStreet The most famous dress shoes from Bata. Targeted towards the family or working man who needs nicer looking shoes for work or special occasions. Weinbrenner This brand of Bata provides trendy, outdoor, rough use footwear for men. This is also a popular brand with the youth. Though the brand is not that cheap but the quality of it is very good. Bata has other products too and many products special to the individual markets. To include all these products would require a much bigger project and more time than given.

Company Law for Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Company Law for Business - Essay Example It is known to all the consumption and burning of fossil fuel lead to environmental pollution as these activities increases the carbon emission level. High carbon emission level is one of the major reasons behind these growing effects of global warming. The temperature of earth surface is increasing day by day due to massive fossil fuel burning. Looking into these aspects, governments of several countries developed several environmental policies for business organization to limit the consumption percentage of fossil fuel. However, these policies and legal barriers forced the organizations to focus on sustainable business practices. In addition to this, market and customer’s demand for green and environment friendly products. Slowly and gradually, the organizations tried to search for substitute energy sources that can harm less to environment. In addition to this, emergence of advanced technology helped organizations to consider the aspect of green business operation strategy. On the other hand, sustainable business practices helped organizations to avoid legal and political threats. However, corporate social activities are considered as the part of sustainable business strategies. Water recycling, maintaining zero solid waste, reduction of carbon emission, charitable functions for the development of communities and other sustainable business activities are adopted by several organizations to maintain high brand vale and meet current market demand (Hannigan,. 2009, p.71). History of CSR In the year 1990, the leading organizations started to understand the significance of several types of CSR programmes and activities. It was important for the organization to undertake different business strategies to sustain in the competitive business environment. In... This essay approves that governments of different countries are monitoring the business performance of the organizations along with its corporate and business culture. A profitable organization can face several legal and political challenges if the organization does not follow any kind of ethical code, labour standard or environment policy. It is clear from several survey reports that stakeholders are attracting more to those organizations who maintain all the corporate social responsibilities. CSR is not only about maximizing profit and revenue, but also taking care of social and communal aspect through these business outcomes. This report makes a conclusion that leading global firms are focusing on corporate social responsibility activities to maintain sustainable business practices. Recently, the demand of stakeholders and customers are shifting to green business strategies and effective environment friendly business outcome. Earlier the business organizations tried to fulfil social needs by investing in the community and society from the business profit. It created setbacks for several organizations as it increased operational cost. Recently, the organizations are focusing on environmental sustainability in order to maintain their CSR. It is important for the organizations to fulfil all the social and environmental needs through sustainable business strategies in order to attain high brand image.

Organizational Development in HRD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organizational Development in HRD - Essay Example The last manager to be terminated, Leon McLaughlin had 15 years of Marine experience, but he could not deliver results. Although, he did his best, he was handicapped by the lack of funds, which were originally promised, leading to underperformance. The main task before the new manger, Jack Keltner, is how to successfully run Fourwinds Marina through new strategies, even while generating funds. Strengths Lake Monroe is a happening place in Indiana with all safeguards and opportunities FourWinds has been providing optimum services for the last few years There are other value added services, which would complement it Jack Keltner’s previous good performance in Marina’s accounting department Weakness Managers are being changed in a short-term manner, without long-term perspective Thus, there is no optimum continuity of the various organizational processes, initiated by each one of them Charges for anchoring boats are also increasing, leading to higher operational costs Oppo rtunities Indianapolis metropolitan area’s population is over one million, and they have some $3.5 billion dollars to spend annually.

Lap report Lab Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Lap - Lab Report Example Apart from playing an important role in the maintenance of homeostasis in a constantly regenerating population of cells, such as the colonic epithelium, apoptosis also functions to destroy cells with DNA damage and prevent neoplasia. Inhibitor of apoptosis or IAP proteins are a class of anti-apoptotic regulator proteins which are characterized by the presence of baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) domains. IAPs inhibit the activation caspases which are the key effector proteases of apoptosis, by directly binding to them through the BIR domains. Extensive evidence exists to show the involvement of the IAP family of proteins in oncogenesis, via their efficient suppression of apoptosis (Hunter et al., 2007). Survivin is a novel member of the IAP family of proteins with a potential dual role in apoptosis inhibition and regulation of mitosis. Survivin inhibits apoptosis by interfering with the function of caspase-3, caspase-7 and caspase-9 (Shin et al., 2001; Dohi et al., 2004). In addition to a poptosis inhibition, survivin is implicated in the regulation of the mitotic spindle checkpoint and the promotion of angiogenesis, and chemoresistance (Altieri, 2003; Mita et al., 2008). Several mitotic kinases, including the three Aurora kinases, Aurora-A, -B and –C kinases regulate the progression of the cell through mitosis. Lens et al. (2006) have provided evidence to show that survivin acts as a mitotic regulator. It functions as a subunit of the chromosomal passenger complex, which is essential for proper chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. In this complex, Aurora B acts as the enzymatic core, while survivin dictates chromosomal passenger complex localization. Survivin is uniquely placed at the border of both the cell-death machinery and mechanisms of cell cycle progression and microtubule stability (Dan et al., 2004). Survivin is a highly conserved 16.5Â  kDa protein with 142 amino acids. X-ray crystallography has revealed the protein to be an unusual bow tie-shap ed dimer with two ?-helical extensions (Chantalat et al., 2000). It interacts with the microtubules through the ?-helical extension at the carboxyl terminal. Expressed in the G2/M phase (Li et al., 1998), survivin is up-regulated in almost all cancers, including colon cancer, but has low or no expression in most normal, differentiated adult tissues (Duffy et al., 2007). Expression of survivin in cancer cells has been shown to promote tumorigenesis (Li, 2005), cancer progression, poor prognosis, shortened patient survival and resistance to chemo- and radiation therapies (Li and Ling, 2006). A number of signaling molecules, transcription factors and other ligands modulate survivin expression and/or function in cancer cells through transcriptional and/or posttranscriptional mechanisms (Zhang et al., 2006). Of these, regulation of its gene transcription is an important mechanism for the modulation of survivin expression. Sp1, a transcription factor is reported to be involved in the tran scriptional activation of survivin (Li and Altieri, 1999). According to Kim et al. (2003), an aberrant TCF/? catenin might cause the stimulation of survivin expression leading to enhanced cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis, thereby promoting the molecular pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Zhang et al. (2000) demonstrated that APC mutation causes

The Conflict Between Manmade Law And Natural Law Philosophy Essay

The Conflict Between Manmade Law And Natural Law Philosophy Essay When Agamemnon is forced to return Chryseis back to her father, he gives an ultimatum declaring that he would only do so if he gets Briseis in exchange. This infuriates the mighty Achilles beyond control (hence the above quote) who then goes on to confront Agamemnon. This where the whole issue of manmade law vs. natural law comes into play, because in book I, Agamemnon is described as a powerful man who lords it over all the Argives, one the Achaeans must obey A mighty king, Achilles on the other hand, is expressed as the matchless runner. This shows us that even though by the law of nature, Achilles should be the one who is in control, but by the right of birth, Agamemnon is the one in complete power. When trying to explain the difference in manmade law vs. natural law, the distinction is very straightforward. There are certain rules in society that we have to abide by in order for harmonious living. These are basic norms and values that are drilled into us from childhood through va rious forms of socialization such as school, family etc. These include various regulations such as respect, love and to value those who are near and dear to us. In school we have various sanctions imposed on us if we break any of the set norms such as cheating or skiving class for no apparent reason. For more serious offences such as murder, fraud or theft, various agents of social control can rein in these unnatural desires by putting us into remand homes or jail. Furthermore, within a country we are given certain human rights which we can exercise on a daily basis such as freedom of speech, right to equal protection under the law etc. When new rules and regulations are set up within a society, we say that these rules are manmade, as these do not comes naturally to us. Natural law is that unwritten law that is more or less the same for everyone everywhere. To be more exact, natural law is the concept of a body of moral principles that is common to all humankind and, as generally posited, is recognizable by human reason alone. Natural law is therefore distinguished from-and provides a standard for- manmade law, the formal legal enactments of a particular society. Since laws are made for a reason; natural law is used to dictate human reason. In fact, it is law discovered by human reason. Our normal and natural grasp of the natural law is affected by reason, that is, by the thinking mind, and in this service reason is sometimes called conscience. We, in all our human acts, inevitably see them in their relation to the natural law, and we mentally pronounce upon their agreement or disagreement with the natural law. Such a pronouncement may be called a judgment of conscience. The norm of morality is the natural law as applied by conscience. Lastly, we ca n say that the natural law is the disposition of things as known by our human reason and to which we must conform ourselves if we are to realize our proper end or good as human beings. So in a more concise form, we can say that natural law is that by human beings can rationally guide themselves to their good. The origins of natural law theory lie in Ancient Greece. Many Greek philosophers discussed and codified the concept of natural law, and it played an important role in Greek government. Later philosophers such as St. Thomas Aquinas, Thomas Hobbes, and John Locke built on the work of the Greeks in natural law theory treatises of their own. Many of these philosophers used natural law as a framework for criticizing and reforming manmade laws, arguing that manmade laws which are unjust under the principles of natural law are legally wanting. Some theorists argue that humans may give up certain rights to live in society, for the better human good. However, the basic tenets of equality and a desire to do good still remain. Some people also integrate religious beliefs into natural law theory, while others refer more generally to basic moral laws which may or may not be guided by religious faith. To actually understand the basis of the natural law theory, we have to go back in time, as Aristo tle was the pioneer in coming up with this theory. In ancient Greece, the emphasis on the difference between nature (physis, ) and law, custom, or convention (nomos, ) was made obvious from the start. It basically meant that even though the law of the land may vary from place to place, but by nature they should be the same everywhere. Against the conventionalism that the distinction between nature and custom could create, Socrates and his philosophic heirs, Plato and Aristotle, put forward the existence of natural justice or natural right. Going back to explaining natural law and manmade law in the Iliad, we can clearly see the disproportion in the ranks within the army. Achilles, who is the son of the goddess Thetis, is made the leader of the Achaeans whereas Agamemnon is the commander-in-chief and is a mere mortal. Furthermore, we note that Achilles is self-less and noble, while Agamemnon is self-centered and egotistical. Proof of this is evident when Achilles is made to give up his prize (Briseis) because Agamemnon demands it in return for sending back Chryseis. Achilles is enraged by the request and argues that the plunder has already been distributed and a good man does not take back what he has given. Agamemnon and Achilles argue, each man insulting the other. Agamemnon threatens to take a prize if one is not given to him, and Achilles reminds him that all of the Achaeans are fighting against foes who have only wronged Menelaus. For the sake of the two royal brothers, the Argives bloody their hands against men wh o have done them no wrong. Achilles also complains that though he bears the heaviest burden in battle, it is the king who is always greedy for prizes. Achilles refuses to fight anymore as he will go home to Phthia. Because of this dishonor, anger seizes Achilles and he strides toward Agamemnon to kill him. Hera sends the goddess Athena to stop him. Only Achilles can see Athena, who tells him not to kill the king. She promises that Achilles will be justly compensated for this great dishonor and Achilles obeys her. This is itself is a trait to be noted, even though Achilles is seething with rage and a passion to destroy Agamemnon there and then, he restraints himself just because he is instructed by a goddess and shown that even though he may be stronger and more virtuous of the two, Agamemnon is still the king and thus he must be obeyed unconditionally. Manmade law is made for the betterment of mankind. Man knows this law, makes this law, and therefore has the ability to break this law, or amend it, or delete it. In the Iliad, we can see that Agamemnon not only twists and turns the law to his advantage but even tries to test his army, just so he can be confident that his army still pays him the kind of respect demanded by a king, unquestionable and undeniable. This is seen when Thetis, pleads with Zeus to intervene and bring the battle between the two mighty warriors to an end. Zeus then comes to Agamemnon in his dream, but Agamemnon manipulates it to his advantage. We also observe the obvious difference between Achilles and Agamemnon, when Nestor, oldest of the Achaean kings, rises and tells the two men that they must listen to him, because he is old and has lived and fought with warriors greater than any now living. He asks Agamemnon not to take Briseis, Achilles fairly won prize, and he tells Achilles that he must respect Agamemn ons position as commander-in-chief. His words are lost on the two men. Achilles returns to his ships with his companion Patroclus. The Achaeans send the ships to make the sacrifice, with Odysseus in charge of the expedition. Meanwhile, Agamemnon sends men to fetch Briseis, who is given up without a fight Achilles does not resist because the girl was a gift distributed by Agamemnon and the great warrior feels it is not his place to refuse the king. This clearly shows that if Achilles wanted, he could have struck down Agamemnon without any effort and still has his army, but he choose to obey the law of the land and conform to the rule of obeying ones king. Agamemnon on the other hand, misused and abused his power and took what was not his and behaved in a way not fitting for a ruler. As per positivists like Rousseau (1754), there is no law unless we create it, which is true in the sense that there are no social consequences of our actions unless society has agreed to implement such consequences. The concept of natural law suggests that there are forces acting upon man that are beyond change. Although there are obvious examples of scientific natural law, such as the law of gravity, there are more subtle examples such as the law that stealing from your neighbor will cause hardship on you and others. According to Dentreves (1954) Natural Law is binding beyond the will of any material being, man included. What this is trying to imply is that natural law exists even without the existence of man, and indeed as history shows us, natural law did exist well before man, and even life in general. Manmade laws are culturally and psychologically defined, in no way can they be confused with natural law. The line between natural and manmade law must be drawn between those laws which were consciously created and those which exist somewhat by default. Yves R. Simon says that natural law cannot be broken. Moral sentiments seem to be natural law because our morality leads us to think egocentrically about it. Manmade law is also known as positive law in many contexts, the reason this is so is because they are typically imposed on the citizens of a particular area. There are many arguments that point towards the fact that positive law is always religious in nature, for example The Ten Commandments of Christianity; Christians might consider the Ten Commandments valid not only because they are rooted in moral principles, but also because they may have been etched in stone by God. This view is supported by the fact that positivists believe that in order for a law to be obeyed, it must be endorsed by an individual in authority. Ethics are sometimes woven into positive law, but behaving in an unethical way is not necessarily considered a violation of the law. For ex ample, it may be considered unethical for a corporation to minimize profits for its own gain; however, if this behavior is performed under the applicable positive law, it may not be illegal. Besides, another theory that comes through by many sociologists such as Novak stated that man made law has actually stemmed from natural law. The example he gave for this is that of traffic rules, what could be the purpose of looking both ways before crossing a street? The answer was simple he argued, every human being has the natural instinct of staying alive and will try to avoid any situation is which their life is in danger. Behaving in any other way, would result in altruistic behavior, i.e. in order to motivate oneself, behaving in a manner that is selfless and detrimental. Going back to analyzing the implications of the conflict between manmade law and natural law in Book I of the Iliad, we can now look into it with a more educated point of view. Achilles behaved in an honorable way because one reason may be that he may want to remain true to his personal code of ethics or second he may be doing so, so that he still commands the same sort of respect from his subordinates as be fore. We should note however, that even though Achilles rage is legendary, one word from Athena calmed him enough to restrain himself. The saying your freedom ends where my nose begins can be aptly applied to this particular situation. This is because even though Agamemnon openly slighted Achilles in front of the entire army and showed him who was in charge, Achilles ignored it. Adler, in his works, once said that natural law means principles of human conduct, not the laws of nature discovered by the physical sciences. According to him, the natural law as applied to physical things or animals is sacred; stars and atoms never disobey the laws of their nature. But man often violates the moral rules which constitute the law of his specific human nature. For e.g. Plato calls it justice and applies it to the human soul and human conduct. The first precept of natural law is to seek the good and avoid evil. It is often put as follows: Do good unto others, injure no one, and render to every man his own. Now, of course, such a general principle is useless for organized society unless we can use it to specify various types of rights and wrongs. That is precisely what man-made, or positive, law tries to do. Thus, the natural law tells us only that stealing is wrong because it inflicts injury, but the positive law of larceny defines the various kinds and degrees of thef t and prescribes the punishments. Such particular determinations may differ in various times and places without affecting the principles of natural law. Neither Aquinas nor Aristotle thinks that particular rules of laws should be the same in different times, places, and conditions. In the Iliad, the implications of pitting man made law versus natural law can be countless. Achilles refused to fight in the war against the Trojans, because his pride was wounded during his personal battle against Agamemnon. He vowed that he would not fight Hector, greatest warrior of the Trojans, and thus avenge his hurt when he sees Agamemnon fall dismally to the ground. If Agamemnon had not exercised his right as the supreme ruler, this would not have happened and he, with the help of mighty Achilles, would have continued his victorious streak against Troy. In conclusion, it is easy to see that because of the various rules drawn out for us in society, expressing our true sentiments can be tricky. Even Achilles, the matchless runner, had to curb his fury because going with his instinct would bring embarrassment and shame to himself. Finally, in my opinion, the affect of manmade laws in society is far greater than that of natural laws. We see it in everyday life even, we can always look to people in power e.g. politicians and see that its not always the smartest or most virtuous person who is elected to power, more times than not, the people responsible for our life are those who are already moneyed or have enough financial stability to fund their next three generations. Hence the laws that are put into effect only benefit them and their allies. The Iliad was used as a guidance manual for generations and people still look to it for moral lessons, this is because even though it took place centuries ago, the fundamental message is still well founded for todays modern society. Natural Law Vs. Manmade Law 3